12.02.2017 13.02.2018

Russian folk crafts- a form of folk art, in which Russian traditional customs, which originated many centuries ago, are clearly traced. Products of Russian crafts combine the uniqueness of Russian traditional culture.

murals:
-Gzhel- a rich Russian folk craft for the production of ceramics (porcelain) and a type of Russian folk blue and white painting from the Moscow region.
-Gorodets painting- Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century in the area of ​​​​the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, flower patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic stroke, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors. An artel was founded in 1936 (since 1960, the Gorodetskaya Rospis factory), which produces souvenirs; masters — D. I. Kryukov, A. E. Konovalov, I. A. Mazin, V. V. Putintsev.
-Zhostovo painting- Russian folk craft of artistic painting of tin trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow Region, since 1825. The main motif of Zhostovo painting is a flower bouquet of a simple composition, in which large garden and small wild flowers alternate.
-Mezen painting- a certain type of painting of wooden spinning wheels and utensils - ladles, boxes, brothers, which had developed by the beginning of the 19th century in the village of Palaschelye on the banks of the Mezen River.
-Palekh miniature- folk craft, developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie clips, needle cases, etc. are usually painted. Typical plots of the Palekh miniature are borrowed from everyday life, literary works of the classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. The works are usually done on a black background and painted in gold.
-Tagil tray- Russian folk craft for the manufacture and artistic lacquer painting of metal trays, existing in the city of Nizhny Tagil, a unique original phenomenon of Russian culture. It is believed that the Tagil painting is the predecessor of the Zhostovo painting. The craft of the Tagil tray is one of the brands of Russian culture, known far beyond the borders of Russia.
-Fedoskino lacquer miniature- a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.
-Khokhloma- an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the city of Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod region. Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. Khokhloma's traditional ornaments are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and other animals.

Fabric products:
-Vologda lace- Russian lace, woven on bobbins (wooden sticks); distributed in the Vologda region since the 16th-17th centuries. All the main images in the Vologda coupling lace are made with a dense continuous, uniform in width, smoothly twisting braid, they clearly stand out against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with stars and rosettes.
-Yelets lace- a kind of Russian lace, which is woven on bobbins. It has existed since the beginning of the 19th century. The center is the city of Yelets (Lipetsk region). It is believed that Yelets lace is thinner and lighter than Vologda lace.
-Mtsensk lace- a type of Russian lace, which is woven on bobbins, developed in the city of Mtsensk, Oryol region.
- Orenburg downy shawl - a knitted shawl made from the down of Orenburg goats and warps (cotton, silk, etc.). Down-knitting craft originated in the Orenburg region in the 18th century. The cobweb and stole are very thin, like cobwebs, scarves. Thin cobwebs, as a rule, have a complex pattern and are used as decoration. The thinness of the product is often determined by 2 parameters: whether the product passes through the ring and whether it fits in a goose egg.
-Pavlovo shawls (shawls)- printed woolen shawls traditionally black or red, with a three-dimensional floral pattern. The production was established in the middle of the 19th century in Pavlovsky Posad. More about the Orenburg and Pavloposad shawls.

Toys:
-Abashevskaya toy- Russian clay toy. Artistic craft, formed in the Spassky district, now the Spassky district of the Penza region.
-Bogorodsk toy- Russian folk craft, consisting in the manufacture of carved toys and sculptures from soft woods (linden, alder, aspen). Its center is the village of Bogorodskoye, Sergiev Posad district, Moscow region of Russia.
-Dymkovo toy- Russian clay toy, painted and fired in a kiln. The name comes from the place of production - the settlement of Dymkovo, Vyatka province (now the Kirov region). Along with other products of folk crafts, it is considered one of the symbols of Russian craft.
-Zhbannikovskaya toy- Russian folk craft in the villages of Zhbannikovo, Roymino, Ryzhukhino and others in the Gorodetsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The peculiarity of the Zhbannikov toy is that the body of all the figurines resembles a clay pyramid on three base legs.
-Kargopol toy- Russian clay toy. Artistic craft, common in the area of ​​​​the city of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk region.
-Kozhlyanskaya toy - Russian folk clay whistle toy. The name comes from the place of manufacture, the village of Kozhlya, Kurchatov district, Kursk region.
-Matryoshka- Russian wooden toy in the form of a painted hollow doll, inside of which there are smaller dolls similar to it. The traditional matryoshka painting often depicts peasant girls in traditional attire. Recently, the possible range of mural themes is unlimited, ranging from fairy-tale characters to Soviet leaders. Matryoshka is one of the most popular souvenirs for foreign tourists in Russia.
-Stary Oskol clay toy- Russian folk art craft in the Starooskolsky district of the Belgorod region. Known since the beginning of the 18th century.
-Filimonov toy- Russian clay toy. Old Russian applied art craft, formed in the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district, Tula region.

What fresh, bright and lovely bouquets of flowers. Roses - white, tea, Scarlet - opened their delicate petals, peonies flaunt with lush hats, fiery poppies and asters, like big radiant stars, colorful dahlias and some other unfamiliar, unusual, but no less beautiful flowers.

All these wonderful bouquets… are painted on the famous trays from Zhostovo.

Zhostovo art craft is decorative painting on metal trays. The emergence of the craft dates back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, when in the village of Zhostovo, Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district, Moscow region), a workshop was opened for the production of papier-mâché lacquerware with picturesque miniatures. But soon the Zhostovo craftsmen began to make metal trays painted with oil paints and varnished. In 1928, an artel was founded, now the Zhostovo factory of decorative painting.

The Zhostovo craft developed under the influence of the Ural decorative painting, the Fedoskino lacquer miniature, and the porcelain painting of factories near Moscow. But by the middle of the nineteenth century, an original artistic style of the Zhostovo masters had developed. Painting subjects - floral, floral ornaments, everyday scenes from folk life, landscapes. Various forms of trays.

Dymkovo toy

The name of this folk craft is associated with the village of Dymkovskaya Sloboda, which is on the outskirts of the ancient Russian city of Khlynov (later the city of Vyatka, now the city of Kirov).

Dymkovo toy is a decorative clay sculpture up to 25 centimeters high. The painting is made on the product burned in the furnace with tempera paints, gilding is applied. Riders, ladies, gentlemen, fairy-tale characters, animals, everyday scenes are depicted. The poses and movements of the Dymkovo toy are somewhat arbitrary, simplified, according to the ancient tradition of making folk toys and sculptures.

Bright, colorful "haze" is popular not only in Russia, but also abroad.

Gorodets painting

This folk art craft developed by the middle of the nineteenth century in the ancient Volga city of Gorodets, known from the annals since 1152. Gorodets was famous for its woodcarvers and skilled shipbuilders. The custom of decorating household items, spinning wheels, shutters of houses, gates with carving and inlay served as the source of the birth of folk craft.

The features of Gorodets painting are pure, bright colors, a clear outline, white strokes that create a conditional volume and picturesqueness. Gorodets masters depict not only floral ornaments, fairy-tale characters, but also genre scenes. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the fishery was revived. An artel has been operating since 1938, and the Gorodets painting factory has been operating since 1960.

Russian doll

Matryoshka is a real Russian beauty. Ruddy, in an elegant sundress, a bright scarf on her head. But the matryoshka is not a lazy person, in her hands she either has a sickle and ears of corn, or a duck or cockerel, or a basket with mushrooms and berries.

But, most importantly, this doll - with a secret! Cheerful sisters are hiding inside it. Compared to other toys, the wooden young doll is young, just over a hundred years old. For a folk toy, this is not age.

The prototype of the nesting dolls could serve as "Easter eggs" - wooden, painted Easter eggs, they have been made in Rus' for many centuries. They are hollow inside, and less is invested in more. At the end of the nineteenth century, in Abramtsevo, according to the sketch of the artist Sergey Malyutin, the local turner Zvezdochkin carved the first wooden doll. And when Malyutin painted it, it turned out to be a girl in a Russian sundress, in a headscarf, with a cockerel in her hand. According to legend, when someone saw the doll, laughingly exclaimed: “How similar to our Matryona!”. Since then, this toy has been called a matryoshka.

Matryoshka is one of the most popular Russian souvenirs. In the Moscow region, mass production of nesting dolls began in Sergiev Posad in 1890, and already in 1900 a toy from Russia was awarded a gold medal at an international exhibition in Paris.

Soon, nesting dolls began to be made in other regions of the country, for example, in the city of Semenov, in the village of Polkhov-Maidan, on Vyatka land, in Bashkiria and Voronezh.

Today, the traditional art of matryoshka is experiencing its second birth. It's just that her appearance has changed.

Khokhloma painting

Already in the 17th century, fairs were held in the village of Khokhloma, where they traded wooden painted utensils made in the villages and villages of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory.

Khokhloma painting is distinguished by a characteristic combination of gold with black, red, green, sometimes brown and orange. The image of plants, berries, fruits, birds and fish form a whimsical patterned ornament. The secret of the “gold” of Khokhloma is the use of an aluminum (formerly silver or tin) coating, a drawing and varnish are applied on top. The product is dried at a temperature of 100-120 degrees. Under the influence of temperature, the varnish acquires a yellowish tint, and through it the aluminum layer sparkles with “gold”.

Modern Khokhloma products - dishes, furniture, souvenirs - are created by the masters of the Khokhloma Artist factory and the Khokhloma Painting association in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Gzhel ceramics

Gzhel is one of the most famous folk art crafts in Russia. Gzhel craft unites two dozen villages and villages near Moscow. Since the 14th century, pottery has flourished in this area. Since the middle of the 18th century, Gzhel masters have mastered the production of majolica with multi-color painting on a white background. The painting was often supplemented with sculptural images of people, animals, and birds.

In the nineteenth century, Gzhel became famous for its faience and porcelain. Since that time, painting in cobalt blue on white has prevailed. A variety of products with a "signature" floral pattern, sculptures amaze with the imagination and skill of artists who have preserved folk traditions. Today, Gzhel ceramics is known all over the world and still adorns our lives.

Skopino ceramics

Skopinskaya ceramics as a folk art craft gained fame from the second half of the nineteenth century. Archaeological research confirms that in the 12th century in the area of ​​​​the city of Skopin, Ryazan region, pottery already existed.

The peculiarity of Skopino ceramics is that, as a rule, handmade products are complemented by stucco images of birds, fish, and fantastic animals. A magnificent floral ornament makes Skopino ceramics a real work of art. It is covered with colored glaze of brown, green or yellow tone.

In 1934, an artel was founded, since 1976 - Skopinsky factory of ceramic products.

Filimonov toy

This folk craft is associated with the village of Filimonovo, Tula region. For a long time in these parts, dishes were made from local light pottery clay. The appearance of the Filimonovo toy is striking in its originality, unusual forms. According to experts, the original, ancient traditions of folk culture are preserved in the Filimonovo toy.

The figurines are somewhat elongated, three or four colors predominate in the painting. The painting itself is an alternation of horizontal stripes on a white, yellow background. The ornament is dominated by circles, rosettes, triangles, zigzags, dots. Faces on toys, small details are barely marked, like in ancient, pagan idols. Sizes of toys from 3-5 to 25-30 centimeters. For the most part, these are whistles.

Filimonov toys are unpretentious. But the toy pleases - it means that good hands made it.

From time immemorial, there have been craftsmen on Russian soil who can create beautiful things with their own hands. Folk crafts include porcelain, decorative painting, clay toys, downy shawls, lacquer miniatures. The soul of the people is reflected in the primordially Russian works of handicraft art.

Matryoshka is a symbol of the art crafts of our country. Wooden painted doll comes from Sergiev Posad, she is only about 100 years old. But the popularity of matryoshka is huge.

Gzhel is a folk ceramic craft. Everyone is familiar with the famous blue-and-white pattern imprinted on extraordinary porcelain dishes.

Khokhloma is a unique art of painting wooden products with paints. The unusual beauty of children's furniture, decorative dishes is given by a special varnishing technology.

4. Orenburg shawl

Orenburg handmade downy shawls give the warmth of the golden hands of craftswomen who skillfully created them from delicate goat down.

The Dymkovo toy, made of clay, painted and kilned, is undoubtedly a symbol of Russian craftsmanship.

6. Palekh miniature

Palekh lacquer miniatures preserve the traditions of the art of icon painting of Ancient Rus'. Caskets and brooches made of papier-mâché are skillfully painted with gold tempera on a black background.

7. Tula samovar

Tula samovars are the pride of Russian samovar craftsmen. Tula craftsmen are able to create a samovar of any complexity and from any material, besides, paint it beautifully.

Filigree is a jewelry technique for creating an openwork pattern from gold, silver or copper wire. Each product is unique, made in this elegant technique.

Kasli casting from bronze or cast iron is a complex technology of casting and molding products, graphic clarity of the silhouette and hand-chasing of highly artistic products.

Furs - products of the fur trade - are highly valued all over the world. Russian fur warms the soul and body in the most severe frosts.

Folk crafts have come down to us from ancient times - painting, carving, lace, but there are also new folk crafts. Most often they began with peasant household art.

Art painting in Russia

Wooden, metal products, children's toys and furniture were painted in Rus' from time immemorial. Technology in different regions of the country differed significantly from each other. Further details about the most famous types of painting.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting originated in the Volga region, in the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province. They were located near a large village called Gorodets. Fairs were held there, where they traded in the products of masters. Hence the name - Gorodets painting.

Polkhov-Maidan painting

The birthplace of the Polkhov-Maidan painting is the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. There, in the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, the village of Voznesenskoye and the village of Krutets, there is the center of this painting. It arose only a hundred years ago on the basis of the turning industry developed in those places. Masters painted nesting dolls, children's toys, mushrooms, Easter eggs, while using only four colors - green, blue, yellow and red.

Palekh painting

Palekh painting appeared quite recently - already in Soviet times, however, the roots of this painting go back to antiquity. Thanks to the unique craft, the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region, became known throughout Russia. It is known about Palekh painting, Palekh miniature, Palekh icon painting. The peculiarity of the painting is that the artists create not just ornaments, but draw whole plots, compositions with the smallest details.

Painting Zhostovo

Zhostovo painting is a lacquer painting on trays, which appeared in 1825. Such trays are made at a factory in the village of Zhostovo and in the city of Nizhny Tagil. The main difference of this craft is the abundance of colors, incomparable tones, the realism of all elements.

Gzhel

Gzhel painting, as the name implies, originated in the city of Gzhel. Her patterns are predominantly floral patterns and simple geometric patterns, done in bright cobalt blue paint on a snow-white background. The city of Gzhel is a center for the production of ceramics. In many ways, this was the reason for the appearance of its unique painting in this city. Gzhel art craft is not young, its roots go back to the fourteenth century. It was then that the Kudinovskoye clay deposit was discovered.

Russian crafts that have become crafts

Sometimes Russian crafts became crafts. They arose when handicrafts were put on stream. It is known about the manufacture of toys from clay, about special woodcarving, about lace craftsmanship, and so on.

Dymkovo toy

Near the city of Vyatka was the settlement of Dymkovo, now it is one of the districts of the city. Painted ceramic toys for children appeared in the Dymkovo settlement in the nineteenth century. Deposits of clay and sand in those places became the reason for the manufacture of clay jugs and lids by craftsmen. For the amusement of children, bright funny toys were made. Modeling and painting of toys were carried out exclusively by women or children. The pattern on the Dymkovo toy is always geometric, consisting of circles, stripes, and cells. In addition to the original painting, the toy is distinguished by the fact that it is trimmed with gold.

Filimonov toy

The production of Filimonovo toys arose on the basis of the production of dishes from clay, which occurs near the village of Filimonovo. These toys are a variety of whistles. A distinctive feature is the elongated shape of the products, which is associated with the characteristics of local clay. To this day, whistles are painted only with a goose feather.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving

Carving, which has become a craft, appeared in the Abramtsevo estate, not far from Moscow, in the nineteenth century. Its name is Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving. The carvers studied and worked in the carpentry and carving workshop, where they were taught painting and drawing. So a small workshop became the basis of the future craft, which is distinguished by a peculiar style of carving.

Vyatka lace

Vyatka lace has been known since the eighteenth century. In the second half of the nineteenth century, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized in the Vyatka province. For many years, a lace factory operated in those places, but in the early nineties it was closed. Lace makers have preserved their unique craftsmanship, traditions and technology of craft. They please with new products, having united in artels or small enterprises.

New folk crafts

Not all folk crafts have a rich history. Some have appeared very recently. What kind of crafts, we learn further.

Painting Christmas decorations

Painting Christmas tree products as a craft originated in the nineteenth century in the village of Danilovo. They also made toys there. The peasants were engaged in this at home, using simple burners for blowing. The demand for such toys grew, and the number of single craftsmen also increased. Soon, some homeowners organized small-scale production with hired workers.

Factory "Ariel"

The oldest factory in Russia engaged in the manufacture of New Year's toys is the Ariel factory. It is located in Nizhny Novgorod. Despite the changing fashion over the years, the factory does not change the tradition of making handmade toys. Near the factory there is a museum of Christmas decorations and a shop. Golden Khokhloma is perhaps the most famous Russian folk craft

All items are elegant and colorful. A distinctive feature of the painting is the presence of a golden background, or a golden ornament. Masters come up with their drawings while painting on the go, it is always improvisation when following the rules of Khokhloma painting. A master turns a simple wooden thing into a work of folk art. Housewives still use such utensils. It is exhibited in museums. The site has a site about the largest museums in the world.
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In our vast country, rich in various natural materials and multinational human resources, over time, a lot of new directions have been formed. handicrafts. Even the crafts borrowed from the "neighbors" acquired a certain uniqueness, motives, characteristic, at times, only in a certain area. The folk crafts of Russia are our heritage, which you must know and honor in order to preserve the traditional Russian culture and bring a lot of new things to it.

Artistic folk crafts need a separate description. There are innumerable types of crafts, but not all manufactured products are highly artistic. But here the border is very blurred, if it exists at all. Let's figure it out.

The lack of a clear definition of crafts and art products only means that fewer and fewer people are dealing with this issue. - the creative activity of artisans, aimed at creating unique and inimitable items using their hand tools, skills, ingenuity and inner sense of beauty. Accordingly, artistic products are the result of the creative work of an artisan.

Why do I put creativity at the head of everything? I believe that as soon as products begin to be stamped, copied, they automatically cease to be artistic. How unpleasant it is for me to see copies of the same subject in the art store! It's stamping! The artist is always in search, he cannot have the same picture. Like any craftsman, each product is unique. The craftsman is able to define his work among the variety of seemingly identical items.

So, I was approached with a question by the master, who saw the photo image of the product in the gallery on the site. I took this photo in a kindergarten in my native village. The master identified his work and together we found out how this item could have ended up on my site.

Let's summarize. Among any craft, separate artistic trends can be distinguished, any art craft can be lost along with a creative vein. I'm not saying that the conveyor is bad. He also has a place, but you can not lose the craving for creating something new, unique.

Classification of types of crafts

You are already familiar with some types of crafts. Of course, you have heard about products made of birch bark, wood, metal. So, the types of folk crafts are primarily formed from product material. This includes the processing of metal, wood, stone, clay and other materials.

Another gradation of types of folk crafts is already narrower than the previous one - division by processing method of this or that material. In this article we will consider several main types of craft. In the future, this article will be supplemented with more detailed information, but for now it will only be a brief introductory material.

I don't think there is a clear division, and some crafts can only be relatively formulated. In addition, now the types of folk crafts in Russia have been supplemented with new directions. I don’t know whether it is already possible to call handicrafts that have taken root in our time a traditional craft. But back to what I know. I will build a list of craft types exactly the way I wanted: the main sections by the name of the material, and the subcategories - by the method of processing. All of these species can be artistic folk crafts.

1. Tree

There are many riches in the vastness of the Russian land. One of the available ones is undoubtedly wood. It is available not only because it covers most of the territory, but also in terms of processing methods. Agree, for some types of processing you do not need complex devices and fixtures. Hence the variety of types and subspecies of crafts associated with the use of wood.

• Woodcarving. There are several types of woodcarving:
  • Flat thread (contour, bracket, geometric, etc.);
  • Relief carving (flat-relief carving, deaf, Kudrinskaya, etc.);
  • Through thread (cut and saw);
  • Sculptural carving (3D);
  • House carving (can combine several types);
• Milling. Processing on a lathe, milling cutter;
• Birch carving;
• Birch bark embossing;
• Tues manufacturing;
• Souvenir production(amulets, jewelry, accessories, toys and pictures);

2. Metal

When the metal and its properties were discovered, a technological revolution took place. Many household items and tools were replaced with metal ones. This did not displace other materials, by no means - it made it possible to process them more efficiently. And thanks to the properties of the metal, the range of artisan products has multiplied several times. Metal processing is technically much more complicated than wood, but it's worth it and at the moment it is possible to clearly formulate metal processing methods:

• Forging;
• engraving;
• Chasing;
• blackening;
• Casting;
• Filigree(soldered, openwork, voluminous);
• Milling. Processing on a lathe, milling cutter.

3. Clay

A natural material that has received no less distribution than wood. This type of material suffers from a small number of types of processing, which also affects the variety of clay products. Most of the products are utensils, and the rest are sculptures and souvenirs. But the plasticity and ease of processing of the material, along with accessibility, allow a small number of types of products to give the most incredible shapes.

• pottery;

4. Stone.

Very difficult to process. Due to the rarity of some materials, difficulties in processing - such a high cost of products. Take a sculpture. The works of art of the Middle Ages are priceless, although they are made of marble or plaster. The number of craftsmen is much less than the number of, say, wood carvers. And not every stone is suitable for processing. Nevertheless, stone products, whether it be a precious stone or a huge granite, are truly impressive and delightful.

• Sculpture;
• Thread;
• Gypsum(ebb of reliefs and three-dimensional figures);

5. Bone

Bone carved caskets are amazing. Intricate patterns and plots can be considered endlessly. But the distribution of this type of folk craft is highly dependent on the territory. Not every bone is suitable for processing, not all animals have the necessary valuable body parts, and all this is aggravated by the fact that many animal species are rare and subject to protection.

• Thread;

6. Thread

Few types of folk crafts can be called exclusively female. Working with a thread can be classified as one of them. Making products from a thread is associated with incredible perseverance and concentration. When creating the most complex patterns and objects, one cannot do without arithmetic and cutting skills, since loops love counting, and most products are clothes that are subject to certain important requirements of fashion, convenience, practicality and beauty.

• Knitting;
• Weaving;
• Lace;
• Embroidery;

7. Skin

Leather products are becoming rarer and rarer. The price and the possibility of replacing with artificial polymers affected the spread of this type of craft. I don’t remember seeing a real work of art made of leather, made by hand, lately. Nevertheless, in recent times, this material was used to manually create art products. Ordinary objects were mainly decorated with inserts of multi-colored leather, compositions and patterns were created.

• Manufacture of clothes and shoes;
• Embossing;
• Thread;

Often, craftsmen combined several types of crafts in one product. So, birch bark tuesas could be decorated with embossing, carving, painting, as well as their wooden covers, carved stone was enclosed in a metal frame, and clay products were supplemented with various materials to create bizarre compositions.

This is not a complete list of types of crafts. There are a lot of subspecies, the features of which got their roots both in relation to the nationality of the peoples, and geographical location, and even species of animals and plants, common near the villages of masters.

We will try to consider many of the listed folk crafts using examples and master classes that reflect the features of technologies and methods of work. And I ask you, my dear reader, for a favor: if there is an opportunity to contribute to the development of traditional crafts and arts and crafts, be sure to tell others about it. You can do it on this resource. A site about folk crafts is looking for talents.